Ressources en psychocriminologie, psychologie forensique et criminologie
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Programme correctionnel HOPE (Hawaii’s Opportunity Probation with Enforcement)

How HOPE Probation Works  
HOPE Probation is a strategy to effect positive behavioral change for those under court supervision. The premise is that clearly stated, easily understood rules are more readily followed by offenders when any rule violation quickly results in a brief stint in jail.  Offenders who are willing to roll the dice with repeated violations of probation when the consequences are delayed and uncertain on probation-as-usual are far less likely to risk going to jail today even for a single violation as is the case when in HOPE Probation.  The logic of HOPE Probation is that clear and easily understood rules are more readily followed by offenders.

State_of_ the_Art_of_HOPE_Probation

Evidence‐Based Practices in the Criminal Justice System

Prepared by the NIC Information Center
Date created January 2013, Updated August 2017

What Is the Evidence? Evidence‐based policy and practice is focused on reducing offender risk,
which in turn reduces new crime and improves public safety. Of the many available approaches to
community supervision, a few core principles stand out as proven risk reduction strategies. Though
not all of the principles are supported by the same weight of evidence, each has been proven to
influence positive behavior change. To organize the research, these core principles have been
compiled… into the 8 Principles of evidence‐based practice in corrections (Clawson & Guevara,
2010).

This bibliography is not a complete list of “EBP” citations, but a mere selection based on questions
we receive at the Information Center. Please feel free and even inclined to contact us with additions
to this bibliography, as we plan to continuously update it:  support@nicic.gov

https://s3.amazonaws.com/static.nicic.gov/Library/026917.pdf

https://nicic.gov/evidence-based-practices-criminal-justice-system-annotated-bibliography

Guy BOURGON (2009) Comment transformer des approches efficaces en pratiques quotidiennes durables : Conception, mise en oeuvre et évaluation des programmes

Résumé
L’une des principales difficultés que doivent surmonter les organismes correctionnels de la collectivité est de trouver une façon d’appliquer les connaissances acquises sur les approches efficaces à leurs pratiques quotidiennes. Le respect des principes du risque, des besoins et de la réceptivité en matière de prestation de services est menacé par diverses questions liées à la conception, à la mise en oeuvre et à l’évaluation des programmes dont il faut tenir compte dans le « monde réel » de la surveillance communautaire. L’Initiative de formation stratégique en surveillance communautaire (IFSSC), qui a été élaborée à titre de modèle de prestation de services et de programme de formation sur sa mise en oeuvre, visait à aider les agents de probation à appliquer ces principes à leurs pratiques régulières de surveillance. Dans le présent rapport, nous décrivons les difficultés et les problèmes dont il faut tenir compte quand vient le temps d’appliquer le résultat des recherches au monde réel de la surveillance communautaire dans lequel vivent les agents de probation et nous évaluons les efforts qui ont été déployés pour surmonter ces difficultés dans le cadre de l’IFSSC. Fermement enraciné dans les principes du risque, des besoins et de la réceptivité, le modèle de surveillance proposé dans l’IFSSC met l’accent sur les interventions des agents qui visent à faciliter les changements prosociaux d’attitudes et de cognitions chez les délinquants qui présentent un risque de récidive qui va de modéré à élevé. Pour assurer l’intégrité des services et le maintien des compétences des agents de probation, l’IFSSC permet non seulement à ces derniers de suivre une formation initiale de trois jours portant sur le modèle et les interventions cognitivo-comportementales de base, mais elle offre également une surveillance clinique continue. L’affectation aléatoire des cas des délinquants aux agents de probation et l’observation directe de leurs interactions avec les délinquants sont les composantes clés de l’évaluation de cette initiative. Les résultats préliminaires révèlent que l’IFSSC a eu une incidence considérable sur l’amélioration de la capacité des agents de probation à utiliser les pratiques correctionnelles de base efficaces.

Version PDF (136 Ko)

si le lien est brisé: 2009-05-pd-fra

 

 

Federal Probation Journal – September 2016

Le journal fédéral de la probation (US) se penche sur l’évaluation des risques et sa fiabilité. 

http://www.uscourts.gov/file/20529/download

The Real-World Application of the Risk Principle: Is It Possible in the Field of Probation? 

Scott W. VanBenschoten, John Bentley, Nancy Beatty Gregoire, Christopher T. Lowenkamp

Although the concepts of the Risk, Needs, and Responsivity Model (Andrews and Bonta) seem simple, their practical implementation remains a challenge in agencies around the world. In this article the authors take one concept of this model, the Risk Principle, and examine how it is currently applied in the federal system. The authors then suggest how the Risk Principle could evolve into a more practical and deliberate decision point in the supervision of persons on court-ordered supervision with the introduction of a violence assessment.

Using a Multi-level Risk Assessment to Inform Case Planning and Risk Management: Implications for Officers 

Ralph C. Serin, Christopher T. Lowenkamp, James L. Johnson, Patricia Trevino

There is compelling evidence that the federal Post Conviction Risk Assessment (PCRA) has predictive accuracy such that clients with higher risk scores have poorer probation outcomes. Because the PCRA can predict client outcomes for both baseline and change scores, probation officers are better equipped to identify intervention strategies for individual clients. However, while the PCRA predicts client rearrests as well as informs case planning and risk management, this process is not completely intuitive for  some officers. As such, the authors’ purpose in this article is to make the process more explicit, especially regarding violent rearrest.

Enhancing Community Supervision Through the Application of Dynamic Risk Assessment

Christopher T. Lowenkamp, James L. Johnson, Patricia Trevino, Ralph C. Serin

Increasingly experts in the risk assessment field have argued that accuracy regarding the timing of client outcome can be enhanced by considering changes in acute dynamic risk factors. The current research was undertaken to examine whether certain acute
dynamic risks might better identify not only which clients are at risk but also when that risk might be most elevated for a particular client, allowing officers to consider risk at the case level and intervene accordingly to mitigate risk.

How Dangerous Are They? An Analysis of Sex Offenders Under Federal Post-Conviction Supervision 

Thomas H. Cohen, Michelle C. Spidell

Key questions about the federal sex offender population explored in this article are what are the most common offense types under post-conviction supervision, how many have an official arrest or conviction record of offline contact sexual behavior, what
are their general recidivism risk characteristics, and how frequently do these offenders reoffend or get revoked? The authors also discuss the federal judiciary’s policy for supervising sex offenders, briefly summarize prior research on federal sex offenders, and
present policy implications and directions for future research.

Imagining Sentinel Event Reviews in the U.S. Probation and Pretrial Services System 

Janette Sheil, James Doyle, Christopher T. Lowenkamp

In normal operations, practical drift from policy and procedures may go unnoticed, but in a critical high-profile situation any deviation from policy will be scrutinized. Conducting system-wide reviews can help uncover practical drift at all levels of an organization. The authors ask whether the federal criminal justice system can develop this capacity for “forward-looking accountability,” accepting error as an inevitable element of the human condition, studying known errors in a disciplined and consistent way, sharing the lessons learned to prevent future errors, and focusing on future risks rather than on blame for the past.

False Positives, False Negatives, and False Analyses: A Rejoinder to “Machine Bias: There’s Software Used Across the Country to Predict Future Criminals. And It’s Biased Against Blacks.”

Anthony W. Flores, Kristin Bechtel, Christopher T. Lowenkamp

The authors respond to a recent ProPublica article claiming that the widely used risk assessment tool COMPAS is biased against black defendants. They conclude that ProPublica’s report was based on faulty statistics and data analysis and failed to show that the COMPAS itself is racially biased, let alone that other risk instruments are biased.

Communicating Risk Information at Criminal Sentencing: An Experimental Analysis 

R. Barry Ruback, Cynthia A. Kempinen, Leigh A. Tinik, Lauren K. Knoth

This experimental study examined whether actuarial risk information affects decision makers’ judgments about recidivism risk, whether the type of presentation makes a difference in judged risk, and whether there are differences in judged risk depending on type of crime. In the study, participants (judges, attorneys, and probation officers in four counties of Pennsylvania) received the actuarial risk score of six offenders in one of three formats, along with the meaning of that score in terms of risk of rearrest within three years. Participants then rated recidivism risk before and after receiving the information. Results indicated that the actuarial risk information significantly reduced risk judgments.

Examining Changes in Offender Risk Characteristics and Recidivism Outcomes: A Research Summary 

Thomas H. Cohen, Christopher T. Lowenkamp, Scott W. VanBenschoten

This study found that many federal offenders initially classified at the highest risk levels moved to a lower risk category in their second assessment and that offenders tended to improve the most in the PCRA risk domains of employment and substance abuse. In addition, high, moderate, and low-moderate risk offenders with decreases in either their risk characteristics or overall risk assessment scores were less likely to recidivate than their counterparts whose risk levels or scores remained unchanged or increased. Conversely, increases in offender risk were associated with higher rates of arrests.

http://www.uscourts.gov/file/20529/download

Camille ALLARIA, docteure en sociologie au LAMES – Aix en Provence

Chloé Branders (doctorante en criminologie au CRID&P – Université catholique de Louvain (UCL)) à la journée d’étude « Prison et méthode de recherche », organisée par Claire de Galembert (ISP), Anaïs Henneguelle (IDHES) et Caroline Touraut (DAP – chercheuse associée à l’ISP). La journée s’est tenue à l’ENS de Cachan, le 3 décembre 2015.2016) La prison dans la tête : enquêter sur la surveillance électronique des prisonniers

[videojs mp4= »https://criminocorpus.org/media/filer_public/5f/c3/5fc32d28-86f7-4c4f-a003-d81ff29d460a/1_camille-allaria.mp4″ poster= »http://psychocriminologie.free.fr/wp-content/uploads/prison_dans_la_tete.png »]

 

L’association britannique d’ex-délinquants réhabilités « user voice » (la voix des usagers) vient de pulblier son étude sur la perception de la probation par ses usagers: instructif mais pas très encourageant!

Lire l’article complet à propos de cette recherche sur russelwebster.com

The report

The report is based on five focus groups with 45 service users in four CRC areas in different parts of the country. Several of these service users were given training in basic research methods and conducted peer research, administering a short survey about TR to a further 251 service users.

The majority of survey participants were on licence (n = 84), a suspended sentence (n = 65) or a community order (n = 61), although other and multiple supervision types were present. All participants were asked whether they were supervised by the NPS or CRCs. Interestingly, well over one-third (n = 105) were unsure of, or did not provide information on, which service managed their order.

It appears that most respondents were supervised by CRCs but the findings are not separated into CRC/NPS because only 34 participants were definitely supervised by the NPS.

The report merely presents the findings from these service user consultations and does not interpret them.

Main findings

The report focuses on six key areas:

  1. Relationships between service users and probation officers
  2. Perceived role of probation
  3. Number of probation officers
  4. Level of contact and barriers to contact
  5. Throughcare provision
  6. Changes since Transforming Rehabilitation

This is one of the largest studies of service user views of probation and merits careful reading. It’s not possible to do it justice in this post which will focus on service users’ experience of changes since the implementation of TR. However, it is worth noting that despite a number of criticisms, 46.7% survey participants rated their relationship with their supervising officer as good, 45.5% rated it okayand just 7.8% as not good.

Changes since Transforming Rehabilitation

Service users were asked whether they felt there had been any changes since the Transforming Rehabilitation agenda had been operationalised. More than three-quarters (77%) survey participants said they had not noticed any change in the overall service they personally received and this was also the case in the focus groups, where the general feeling was that there is going to be change, but it’s not happened yet.

The table reproduced below outlines survey participants’ views of whether specific aspects of probation have changed since Transforming Rehabilitation. Most respondents answered that they had seen no change in nine out of ten areas, although there were some clear differences, particularly with ‘help with housing’, which appeared to have deteriorated for many.

UV-TR

It appears that there have been more resources helping service users tackling their offending behaviour and direct criminogenic needs such as help with drug or alcohol problems but less help with key external causes of offending such as housing and employment. The lack of appropriate accommodation was a major theme in the research.

(…)

Summary:

The service users who took part in this consultation provided feedback on the differences they experienced as a consequence of the Transforming Rehabilitation agenda. A range of topics were covered regarding their experience of working with probation at the moment and any changes they had noticed in the last 12 months. The report summarises its three main findings

  1. For most, there had been very few noticeable changes, if any.
  2. For some, there were positive changes, mainly in relation to offending behaviour work and education.
  3. For others, relationships with probation had felt the effects of the changes, in terms of confused job roles and having multiple officers in a short space of time.

Le rapport source de User Voice est consultable ici

La représentation à l’écran des agents de probation est rare, voire très rare!

Dans ce film de 1978 « de » et « avec » Dustin Hoffman (« Le récidiviste »), l’officier de probation n’est pas vraiment à son avantage… pas plus que la probation elle même!

Un film à voir… un des préférés de Dustin Hoffman lui-même !

Le récidiviste ( « Straigth time »)  (1978)

De Ulu Grosbard, Dustin Hoffman
Avec Dustin Hoffman, Theresa Russell, Gary Busey